In general, the cutting away of the surface of a metal by means of power-driven machinery. Specifically, a method of conditioning steel by machining away the surface.

The properties of a material that reveal its elastic and inelastic behavior when force is applied, thereby indicating its suitability for mechanical applications; for example, modulus of elasticity, tensile strength, elongation, hardness, and fatigue limit.

The science which deals with the extraction of metals form their ores and the adaptation and application of these metals to the uses for which they are intended.

Normal rounded edge produced in Hot Rolling of flat steel. Does not conform to any standard radius. Replaces the old term, band edge.

Heating a ferrous alloy to a suitable temperature above the transformation range and then cooling in air to a temperature substantially below the transformation range. Steel is normalized to refine grain size, make it structure more uniform or to improve machinability.

Application of a suitable oil to final product to retard rusting. Where surface is a consideration, it is also desirable in reducing friction scratches that may develop in transit. The oil coating is not intended to serve as a lubricant for subsequent fabrication.

Properties of a metal or alloy that are relatively insensitive to structure and can be measured without the application of force; for example, density, electrical conductivity, coefficient of thermal expansion, magnetic permeability and lattice parameter. Does not include chemical reactivity.

Removal of mill scale or oxide by immersion of steel in a dilute solution of sulphuric or hydrochloric acid. The steel is then rinsed and dried.

The difference expressed as a percentage of original area, between the original cross-sectional area of a tensile test specimen and the minimum cross-sectional area measured after complete separation.

A method of shearing to meet closer-than-standard width, length, and out-of-square tolerances.

Complex forms of oxides of iron which form on the surface of hot steel.

Metal in the form of wire or rod, ordinarily a free-machining type of alloy used for making screw-machine products.

On the surface of a metal, an unwelded fold or lap that appears as a crack, usually resulting from a discontinuity obtained in casting or in mechanical working.

An imperfection consisting of a very thin elongated piece of metal attached by only one end to the parent metal into whose surface it has been worked.

The spangle of a galvanized sheet surface is the visual manifestation of zinc when it solidifies as the sheet emerges from the pot of molten zinc in a galvanize line. Similar appearances are developed when moisture freezes on a window. The zinc crystal or spangle varies in size, brightness, and appearance depending upon a number of factors, most of which are related to cooling rate.

The heating of steel to a temperature below the transformation temperature, as in tempering, but is done primarily to relieve internal residual stresses and then cooling slowly enough to minimize the development of new residual stresses.

Stretches material beyond its yield point to equalize the stresses, providing a product with superior flatness. This activity produces material that stays flat.

When mechanical property values other than bend tests, such as tensile or yield point elongation, Rockwell hardness, or similar tests are specified or required.

In reference to wide flange beams, sweep is the curvature from the plane of the web in the length of the beam.

A condition produced in a metal or alloy by mechanical or thermal treatment and having characteristic structure and mechanical properties. A given alloy may be in the fully softened and annealed temper, or it may be cold worked to the hard temper, or further to spring temper. Intermediate tempers produced by cold working (rolling or drawing) are called “quarter-hard,” “half-hard” and “three-quarter hard,” and are determined by the amount of cold reduction and the resulting tensile properties. In addition to the annealed temper, conditions produced by thermal treatment are the solution heat treated temper and the heat-treated and artificially aged temper. Other tempers involve a combination of mechanical and thermal treatments and include temper produced by cold working after heat treating, and temper produced by artificial aging of alloys that are as-cast, as-extruded, as-forged, heat treated and worked.

A relatively light cold rolling operation that may be used on hot rolled, cold rolled and some coated sheet such as galvanized. Temper rolling hot rolled sheet helps to improve flatness, minimize coil breaks and fluting and alter mechanical properties. Temper rolling cold reduced and coated sheet steel improves surface finish, alters mechanical properties and reduces the tendency of the steel to flute during fabrication.

Consists of reheating quenched steel to a suitable temperature below the transformation temperature for an appropriate time and cooling back to room temperature. This decreases the hardness and increases the toughness of the steel.

In tensile testing, the ration or maximum load to the original cross-sectional area. Also called ultimate strength.

Most steel weights are nominal and based on a theoretical derived weight. There are apt to be differences between nominal weights and actual scale weights due to manufacturing practices.

The permissible deviation from the desired value.

A method of removing the surface from a circular piece by bringing the cutting edge of a tool against it while the piece is rotated.

The first stress in a material usually less than the maximum attainable stress, at which an increase in strain occurs without an increase in stress. Only certain materials exhibit a yield point.

The stress at which a material exhibits a specified deviation from the proportionality of stress and strain. An offset of 0.2% is used for many metals.